Silky Secrets to Make Bones

Published December 19, 2017

Written by Jorge Salazar, TACC Communications

Some secrets to repairing our skeletons might be found in the silky webs of spiders, according to recent experiments guided by supercomputers. Scientists involved say their results will help understand the details of osteoregeneration, or how bones repair themselves.

The recently published study found that genes could be activated in human stem cells that initiate biomineralization, a key step in bone formation. Scientists achieved these results with engineered silk derived from the dragline of golden orb weaver spider webs, which they combined with silica. The study, published in September 2017 in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, was the result of a combined effort from three institutions: Tufts University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Nottingham Trent University.

Study authors used the supercomputers Stampede at the Texas Advanced Supercomputing Center (TACC) at The University of Texas at Austin and Comet at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California San Diego through an allocation from XSEDE, the eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment that is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).  The supercomputers helped scientists model how the cell membrane protein receptor called integrin folds and activates the intracellular pathways that lead to bone formation.  The research will help larger efforts to treat bone growth diseases such as osteoporosis or calcific aortic valve disease.

“This work demonstrates a direct link between silk-silica-based biomaterials and intracellular pathways leading to osteogenesis,” said study co-author Zaira Martín-Moldes, a postdoctoral scholar at the Kaplan Lab at Tufts University who researches the development of new biomaterials based on silk. “The hybrid material promoted the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, the progenitor cells from the bone marrow, to osteoblasts as an indicator of osteogenesis, or bone-like tissue formation.”

Silk has been shown to be a suitable scaffold for tissue regeneration, due to its outstanding mechanical properties, Martín-Moldes explained. It's biodegradable. It's biocompatible. And it's fine-tunable through bioengineering modifications. The experimental team at Tufts University modified the genetic sequence of silk from golden orb weaver spiders (Nephila clavipes) and fused the silica-promoting peptide R5 derived from a gene of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis silaffin.

The bone formation study targeted biomineralization, a critical process in materials biology. “We would love to generate a model that helps us predict and modulate these responses both in terms of preventing the mineralization and also to promote it,” Martín-Moldes said.

“High-performance supercomputing simulations are utilized along with experimental approaches to develop a model for the integrin activation, which is the first step in the bone formation process,” said study co-author Davoud Ebrahimi, a postdoctoral associate at the Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Integrin embeds itself in the cell membrane and mediates signals between the inside and the outside of cells. In its dormant state, the head unit sticking out of the membrane is bent over like a nodding sleeper. This inactive state prevents cellular adhesion. In its activated state, the head unit straightens out and is available for chemical binding at its exposed ligand region.

“Sampling different states of the conformation of integrins in contact with silicified or non-silicified surfaces could predict activation of the pathway,” said Ebrahimi. Sampling the folding of proteins remains a classically computationally expensive problem, despite recent and large efforts in developing new algorithms.

The derived silk–silica chimera they studied weighed in around a hefty 40 kilodaltons. “In this research, what we did in order to reduce the computational costs, we have only modeled the head piece of the protein, which is getting in contact with the surface that we're modeling,” Ebrahimi said. “But again, it's a big system to simulate and can't be done on an ordinary system or ordinary computers.”

The computational team at MIT used the molecular dynamics package called Gromacs, a software for chemical simulation available on both the Stampede and Comet supercomputers. “We could perform those large simulations by having access to these XSEDE computational clusters,” said Ebrahimi.

Computation combined with experimentation helped advance work in developing a model of osteoregeneration. “We propose a mechanism in our work that starts with the silica-silk surface activating a specific cell membrane protein receptor, in this case integrin αVβ3,” said Martín-Moldes, adding that this activation triggers a cascade in the cell through three mitogen-activated protein kinsase (MAPK) pathways, the main one being the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade.

Other factors are also involved in this process such as Runx2, the main transcription factor related to osteogenesis. According to the study, the control system did not show any response, and neither did the blockage of integrin using an antibody, confirming its involvement in this process. “Another important outcome was the correlation between the amount of silica deposited in the film and the level of induction of the genes that we analyzed,” said Martín-Moldes. “These factors also provide an important feature to control in future material design for bone-forming biomaterials.”

The researchers are building a pathway to generate biomaterials that could be used in the future, with the mineralization being a critical process. The final goal is to develop models that help design the biomaterials to optimize the bone regeneration process, when the bone is required to regenerate or to minimize it when we need to reduce the bone formation. 

These results help advance the research and are useful in larger efforts to help cure and treat bone diseases. “We could help in curing disease related to bone formation, such as calcific aortic valve disease or osteoporosis, which we need to know the pathway to control the amount of bone formed, to either reduce or increase it,” Ebrahimi said.

"Intracellular Pathways Involved in Bone Regeneration Triggered by Recombinant Silk–Silica Chimeras," DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201702570, appeared September 2017 in the journal Advanced Functional Materials. The National Institutes of Health funded the study, and the NSF’s XSEDE organization provided access to high-performance computational resources. The study’s authors are Zaira Martín-Moldes, Nina Dinjaski, David L. Kaplan of Tufts University; Davoud Ebrahimi and Markus J. Buehler of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Robyn Plowright and Carole C. Perry of Nottingham Trent University.

About SDSC

As an Organized Research Unit of UC San Diego, SDSC is considered a leader in data-intensive computing and cyberinfrastructure, providing resources, services, and expertise to the national research community, including industry and academia. Cyberinfrastructure refers to an accessible, integrated network of computer-based resources and expertise, focused on accelerating scientific inquiry and discovery. SDSC supports hundreds of multidisciplinary programs spanning a wide variety of domains, from earth sciences and biology to astrophysics, bioinformatics, and health IT. SDSC’s petascale Comet supercomputer continues to be a key resource within the National Science Foundation’s XSEDE (eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment) program.